Single-pixel terahertz imaging based on compressive sensing and mechanical mask

Hashemi Sciyavashani, Reza; Roueinfar, Mohammad; Chamanmotlagh, Abolfazl; Salmanian, Mahdi

Single-pixel terahertz imaging based on compressive sensing and mechanical mask

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

¹ Master's degree, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

² Instructor, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

³ Associate Professor, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Terahertz single-pixel imaging is an emerging technology that has received considerable attention in recent years for the purpose of imaging targets. Single-pixel terahertz imaging has several advantages that are critical for medical, industrial, and especially security applications. This method is a novel approach that provides the possibility of acquiring a terahertz image of the target, instead of using expensive terahertz cameras, with only a single-pixel terahertz detector. The main idea behind this imaging technique is to successively radiate the terahertz beam to the object and measure and record the output voltage of the single-pixel terahertz detector for each terahertz beam irradiation. Each time the terahertz beam is emitted, using different masks or a uniquely patterned mask, the terahertz beam is spatially modulated and then directed onto the object. Therefore, the object is illuminated repeatedly with a different pattern of terahertz radiation, and the detector voltage values vary for each mask or each irradiation instance. By recording and processing the values of the single-pixel detector and using the compressed sensing technique, the image of the object can be reconstructed. One of the most important challenges of single-pixel terahertz imaging is imaging speed. In this paper, a mechanical mask is used due to its availability and lower cost. In the simulation results, the recovered images are compared with the original image using MSE and SSIM metrics. The evaluation results indicate the success of this single-pixel imaging approach with a mechanical mask and a compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm.

Keywords

20.1001.1.23454024.1403.12.1.1.4

References

[1] A.Y. Pawar, D.D. Sonawane, K.B. Erande, and D.V. Derle, “Terahertz technology and its applications”, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, 157-163, 31.March, 2013.

[2] M.P. Edgar, G.M.Gibson, and M.J. Padgett, “Principles and prospects for single-pixel imaging”, Nature Photonics, December.2018.

[3] E. Brundermann et al., Terahertz Techniques, Springer Series in Optical Sciences 1, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02592-1

[4] Z.Xie, X.Wang, J.Ye, S.Feng, W.Sun, T.Akalin and Y.Zhang, “Spatial Terahertz Modulator”, Scientific Reports, 3: 3347, 26.November, 2013.

[5] Duarte M F, Davenport M A, Takhar D, Laska J, Sun T, Kelly K F, and Baraniuk R G, "Single-pixel imaging via compressive sampling," IEEE Sig. Proc. Mag., vol. 25, pp. 83-91, March (2008)

[6] H. Shen, N. Newman, L. Gan, S. C. Zhong, Y. Huang and Y. C. Shen, "Compressed terahertz imaging system using a spin disk," 35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, Rome, 2010, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/ICIMW.2010.5612977.

[7] D. Shrekenhamer, C.M. Watts, and W.J. Padilla,” Terahertz single pixel imaging with an optically controlled dynamic spatial light modulator,”, Optical Society of America, Optics Express, May, 2013.

[8] L. Zanotto, R.Piccoli, J.Dong1, R.Morandotti and L.Razzari “Single pixel terahertz imaging: a review”, Opto Electron Adv 3, Vol. 3, No.9,2000121-15, 23.September, 2020.

[9] R.I. Stantchev, X.Yu, T.Blu and E.Pickwell-MacPherson ”Real-time terahertz imaging with a single-pixel detector”, Nature Communications, 11:2535, 2020.

[10] M.F.Duarte, M.A.Davenport, D.Takhar, J.N.Laska, T.Sun, K.F.Kelly, and R.G.Baraniu “Single-Pixel Imaging via Compressive Sampling”, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.83, March.2008.

[11] Ming-Jie Sun and Jia-Min Zhang,” Single-Pixel Imaging and Its Application inThree-Dimensional Reconstruction: A Brief Review”, Sensor Journal,2019.

[12] S.Augustin, S. Frohmann, P.Jung and H.W.Hübers, ”Mask Responses for Single-Pixel Terahertz Imaging”, Scientific Reports, 8:4886, 6.March, 2018.

[13] A.Valles, J.HE, S.Ohno, T.Omatsu and K.Miyamoto, ”Broadband high-resolution terahertz single-pixel imaging”, Optics Express, Vol. 28, No. 20, 28868-28881, 14.September, 2020.

[14] Donoho, David L, "For most large underdetermined systems of linear equations the minimal 1-norm solution is also the sparsest solution". Communications on pure and applied mathematics 59: 797–829. doi:10.1002/cpa.20132, (2006).

[15] Candès, Emmanuel J. ; Romberg, Justin K. ; Tao, Terence, "Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements" (PDF). Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 59 (8): 1207–1223, (2006).

[16]S. Majumder, S. Gupta, and S. Dubey, “Compressive Sensing Based Active Imaging System Using Programable Coded Mask and a Photodiode,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1–7, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1109/jphot.2023.3273579.

[17] H. Shen, L. Gan, N. Newman, Y. Dong, C. Li, Y. Huang and Y. C. Shen, "Spinning disk for compressive imaging," Opt. Lett., 2012. vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 46-48,

[18]L Gan, L Liu, YC Shen, “Golay sequence for partial Fourier and Hadamard compressive imaging”, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), (2013) 6048-6052.

[19] W. L. Chan, M. L. Moravec, R. G. Baraniuk, and D. M. Mittleman, “Terahertz imaging with compressed sensing and phase retrieval,” 2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), pp. 1–2, May 2007, doi: 10.1109/cleo.2007.4452877.

[20]H. Mohimani, M. Babaie-Zadeh, and C. Jutten, “A Fast Approach for Overcomplete Sparse Decomposition Based on Smoothed l₀ Norm,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 289–301, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.1109/tsp.2008.2007606.

[21]S. S. Chen, D. L. Donoho, and M. A. Saunders, “Atomic Decomposition by Basis Pursuit,” SIAM Review, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 129–159, Jan. 2001, doi: 10.1137/s003614450037906x.

[22]W. Zhao, L. Gao, A. Zhai, and D. Wang, “Comparison of Common Algorithms for Single-Pixel Imaging via Compressed Sensing,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 10, p. 4678, May 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23104678.

[23]A. Vallés, J. He, S. Ohno, T. Omatsu, and K. Miyamoto, “Broadband high-resolution terahertz single-pixel imaging,” Optics Express, vol. 28, no. 20, p. 28868, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1364/oe.404143.

[25] H. Zayyani, M. Babaie-Zadeh, and C. Jutten, “An Iterative Bayesian Algorithm for Sparse Component Analysis in Presence of Noise,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 4378–4390, Nov. 2009, doi: 10.1109/tsp.2009.2025154.

[26]M. Roueinfar, A. Aghakasiri, M. Salmanian, A. Bashiri, and S. Babanezhad, “Single-Pixel THz imaging using mechanical SLM and compressive sensing,” Jun. 2023, doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3080349/v1.

[27]M.Roueinfar; M. Salmanian; A. Aqakasiri; A. Bashiri; S. Babnezhad. "Single-Pixel Terahertz Imaging at 100 GHz Frequency in Active Reflection Mode Based on Mechanical Spatial Modulator", Applied Electromagnetics, 12, 1, 47-58, 2024. DOR: