Classification of Effective Parameters in Spaceborne and airborne SAR imaging

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University of Sciences and Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D., Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The use of space-based and airborne SARs to obtain remote sensing information is increasing day by day due to the very high capabilities of this type of system. So that these types of systems are considered as a supplement for electro-optical systems. Many factors, parameters and sub-parameters are involved in SAR imaging, so it will be shown that there are more than forty effective parameters and sub-parameters in SAR imaging. This issue complicates the understanding of SAR performance, therefore, in this paper, while knowing the SAR imaging system in detail, all factors, parameters and sub-parameters effective in SAR images are extracted and for the first time, a comprehensive classification of them is made to be presented. This classification is important because by determining these parameters, the ground is created for their analysis and finally the extraction of coping strategies specific to the SAR system. By presenting the SAR matrix and the scene in this article, it is possible to manage the acquisition of information from the attacker's SAR and implement this management in the form of different defense plans. For example, at the end of the paper, the simulation of the slope effect in SAR imaging will be discussed, and the RCS value of the sloped structure will be extracted as a countermeasure at different incident angles.

Keywords

Smiley face

References

[1] B. Zhao, L. Huang, B. Li,  S. Liu, W. Bao, “One-bit splitting deceptive jamming against SAR”; Journal of Defense Technology., vol. 18 pp. 1760-1777, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2021.09.018  
[2] S. M. Dejong and F. Van der Meer, Remote Sensing Image Analysis: Including the Spatial Domain,   edition, Springer, New York, 2005.
[3] J. A. Richards, “Remote Sensing with Imaging Radar”; Springer, New York 2009.
[4] K. Yang, Y. Wei, Ma. Fangfang, “A Large-Scene Deceptive Jamming Method for Space-Borne SAR Based on Time-Delay and Frequency-Shift with Template Segmentation”; Remote Sens. Vol. 12(1) pp. 53-63. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010053
[5] H. Huang, Z. Huang and Y. Zhou, “Jamming Research to SAR based on Frequency Characteristic”; 2nd IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing Systems (ICSPS), pp. 144-147, 2010. 10.1109/ICSPS.2010.5555268
[6] W. Ye, H. Ruan, S. Zhang and L. Van, “Study of Noise Jamming Based on Convolution Modulation to SAR”; IEEE, International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (CMCE), pp. 169-172, 2010. 10.1109/CMCE.2010.5609875
[7] B. Lv, “Simulation Study of Noise Convolution Jamming Countering to SAR”; IEEE International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA), pp.130-133, 2010. 10.1109/ICCDA.2010.5541408
[8] X. Tian and G. Fang, “Study on the Jamming to Synthetic Aperture Radar”; IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2008. 10.1109/ICCEA.2004.1459377
[9] Y. Lee, J. Park, W. Shin and K. Lee, “A study on jamming performance evaluation of noise and deception jammer against SAR satellite”; 3rd International Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), pp.1-3, 2011.
[10] Q. Liu, J. Dong, X. Wang, S. Xing, and B. Pang, “An Efficient SAR Jammer With Direct Radio Frequency Processing (DRFP)”, in: Progress In Electromagnetic Research (PIER Journal), pp. 293-309, 2013. 10.2528/PIER12092404
[11] Tian, Ti.; Feng, Z.; Yuchen Li.; Weiwei, F, “Evaluation of SAR Deception Jamming Effect based on Convolutional Neural Network”; 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), pp. 25-32, 2019. 10.1109/APSAR46974.2019.9048464
[12] L. Nan and Q. Changwen, “Research on Jamming Synthetic Aperture Radar Technologies”; 1st IEEE Asian and Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), pp. 563-566, 2007.
[13] H, Dehghani. K, Mousazadeh. “SAR Imagery Systems Corrupt Based on Reflectors”; Scientific Journal of Advanced Defense Science and Technology, vol 4 pp. 239-246, 2014.
[14] N. Harris, R. Ringrose, K. Oddie, A. Pritchard, C. Anderson and T. Macklin, “The Effect of Radar and Environmental Parameters on Space-Based SAR Ocean Imaging”; IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings (IGARSS), pp. 916-918, 1998.
[15] P. Singh and R. Shree, “Analysis and effects of speckle noise in SAR images”;  2nd IEEE International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, & Automation (ICACCA), pp. 1-5, 2016.
[16] G. D. Martino, A. Iodice, D. Riccio and G. Ruello, “Equivalent Number of Scatterers for SAR Speckle Modeling”; in: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,pg, May, pp. 2555-2564, 2014.
[17] G. D. Martino, M. Poderico, G. Poggi, D. Riccio, and L. Verdoliva, “Benchmarking Framework for SAR Despeckling”; IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, March, pp. 1596-1615, 2014. 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2252907
[18] I. G. Cumming and F. H. Wong, “Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data”;   edition, Artech House, London, 2006.
[19] M. Sumekh, “Synthetic aperture radar signal processing with MATLAB algorithms”; Wiley Interscience, New York, 1999.
[20]. W. L. Melvin and J. A. Scheer, “Principles of Modern Radar”; SciTech, 2013.
[21] G. Wei, C. Songsong and H. Xiaoguang, “Design Scheme of Seeker Equivalent Device of Missile-Borne Synthetic Aperture Radar”; 10th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), pp. 254-258, 2012. 10.1109/INDIN.2012.6301376
[22] H. Yang, Z. Cao, Y. Pi and S. Liu, “Target Detection in High-Resolution SAR Images via Searching for Part Models”; IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, pp. 664-668, 2017. 10.1109/LGRS.2017.2669945
[23] Doerry, Armin Walter. Performance limits for Synthetic Aperture Radar. No. SAND2006-0821. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, NM, and Livermore, CA (United States), 2006.
[24] Doerry, Armin Walter. Anatomy of a SAR impulse response. No. SAND2007-5042. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, NM, and Livermore, CA (United States), 2007.
[25] Oliver, Chris, and Shaun Quegan. Understanding synthetic aperture radar images. SciTech Publishing, 2004.
[26] P. P.Iraola,, M. R. Cassola, F. D. Zan, P. L.Dekker, R. S., and A. Reigber,, “Efficient Evaluation of Fourier-Based SAR Focusing Kernels”; IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2014. 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2296371
[27] S. Kim, J. Sung and A. Torre, “In-Orbit Antenna Pattern Extraction Method for Active Phased Array SAR Antennas”; Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE, pp.1-4, 2015. 10.1109/LAWP.2015.2443129
[28] J. Song  C. Xu , “A SAR motion compensation algorithm based on INS and GPS”; IET International Radar Conference (IET IRC), pp. 576-581. 2020. 10.1049/icp.2021.0815
[29] M. Labowski and P. kaniewski, “Motion Compensation for unmanned aerial vehicles Synthetic Aperture Radar”; IEEE Signal Processing Symposium, pp.1-5, 2015. 10.1109/SPS.2015.7168304
[30] L. Zhang, G. Wang, Z. Qiao and H. Wang, “Azimuth Motion Compensation With Improved Sub Aperture Algorithm for Airborne SAR Imaging”; IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, pp. 184 – 193, 2017. 10.1109/LGRS.2016.2621054
[31]  K. Fu, Y. Zhang, X, Sun, F, Li, H, Wang and F. Dou , “A Coarse-to-Fine Method for Building Reconstruction From HR SAR Layover Map Using Restricted Parametric Geometrical Models”; IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2004 – 2008, 2016.
[32] S. Papson and R. M. Narayanan, “Classification via the Shadow Region in SAR Imagery”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, pp. 969 – 980, 2012. 10.1109/TAES.2012.6178042
[33] F. Amjadipour, M. B. Fallahpour, H. Dehghani, “The Impact of Building Orientation and Visibility Geometry in SAR Images”; Journal of Passive Defense Science and Technology, vol. 12 pp. 319-334, 2021. 20.1001.1.26762935.1400.12.4.9.1.
[34] M. B. Fallahpour, H. Dehghani, A.  J. Rashidi,  A. Sheikhi, “Extraction of Point Target Model of Distributed Targets Using SAR Images”; Journal of Passive Defense Science and Technology, vol. 8 pp. 265-274, 2017. 20.1001.1.26762935.1396.8.3.9.1
[35] S. F. Tafty, M. karimi, M. B. Fallahpour, “Improvement of the Accuracy and Reduction of the Computational Complexity of the Discrete Polynomial-Phase Transform Method for the Estimation of Chirp Signal Parameters”; Radar journal, vol. 5  pp. 57-66, 2017. 20.1001.1.23454024.1396.5.2.5.1
 [36] N. S. Vaez, M. B. Fallahpour, H. Dehghani, “The Study of False Target Creation in Synthetic Aperture Radars”; Journal of Passive Defense Science and Technology, vol. 12 pp. 307-317, 2021. 20.1001.1.26762935.1400.12.4.8.0
Radar
Volume 11, Issue 1
Serial number 29, spring and summer quarterly
August 2023

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 16 May 2023
  • Revise Date: 07 July 2023
  • Accept Date: 28 July 2023
  • Publish Date: 23 August 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics